St Germain en Laye, November 22th 2024.

The Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) model is a foundational concept in the theory of machine learning, introduced by Leslie Valiant in 1984. It provides a framework for understanding how a learning algorithm can perform in a « reasonable » way, given a limited amount of data.
In the PAC framework, an algorithm learns a target concept (or function) based on sample data. The goal is for the algorithm to produce a hypothesis that is « approximately correct » with high probability.

• « Probably » refers to the probability that the learning algorithm’s hypothesis is correct. Specifically, the hypothesis should be correct with a probability greater than or equal to a specified confidence level (e.g., 95%).
• « Approximately Correct » means that the hypothesis made by the algorithm is not guaranteed to be perfect but is close enough to the true concept or function in terms of error. The allowable error is typically a small fraction, say 5%.

Breaking it Down

• Goal: The goal of PAC learning is to learn a good hypothesis that is close to the true underlying function with high probability.
• Sample Complexity: How much data (samples) is needed to learn a good hypothesis.
• Error Tolerance: The allowed error (misclassification rate) between the predicted hypothesis and the true function.
• Confidence: The probability with which we expect the learned hypothesis to be « approximately correct. »

Example in AI

Imagine you’re training a machine learning model to recognize cats in photos. Using a PAC framework, you might specify that:

• The model should recognize cats correctly at least 95% of the time (with 95% confidence).
• The model can make some mistakes (e.g., identifying a dog as a cat), but the rate of mistakes should be under 5%.

If the model performs well in these conditions, we would say the learning process was « probably approximately correct. »

Why is PAC Important in AI?

PAC learning provides theoretical guarantees about the performance of learning algorithms. It helps answer questions like:

• How much data do we need to learn a useful model?
• How do we know if a model is likely to generalize well to unseen data?
• What is the relationship between the complexity of a model (like its number of parameters) and the amount of data required for learning?

This theoretical framework is especially important in machine learning and AI because it gives us a way to reason about the limits of what can be learned from data and how robust our models are to errors and variations.

So, « probably approximatively correct » in the context of AI refers to a kind of learning that is good enough, most of the time, with a small margin of error, given the constraints of data and model complexity.

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #PACLearning #MachineLearning #Tech #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 21st 2024.

NEXYAD, a company specializing in AI-based solutions for autonomous driving, has developed a unique approach to enhancing the safety and reliability of self-driving vehicles. One of their key contributions is the Prudence Metric, which aims to assess and quantify the safety of driving decisions made by an autonomous vehicle (AV).

          Overview of the Prudence Metric

The Prudence Metric is an alternative solution to traditional safety assessments, providing a way to measure how « prudent » or cautious an autonomous system is in its decision-making process. In autonomous driving, prudent decision-making is crucial, as it involves balancing various factors such as:

• Road conditions
• Traffic situations
• Pedestrian and other road users’ behavior
• Weather and visibility conditions
• Vehicle dynamics

The Prudence Metric takes into account the risk of a vehicle’s actions and prioritizes decision-making strategies that minimize the likelihood of accidents or dangerous situations. This contrasts with more traditional metrics, which may focus primarily on efficiency or the vehicle’s ability to navigate obstacles without necessarily considering the safety margin.

          Key Features of the Prudence Metric

• Dynamic Assessment: The Prudence Metric evaluates the driving decisions in real-time based on the current road and traffic conditions, rather than just relying on pre-programmed behavior. This ensures the system adapts to a wide variety of real-world scenarios.
• Risk Mitigation: Rather than just assessing the technical performance of the AV, the metric emphasizes actions that lower the potential risk to the vehicle, its passengers, and other road users. It provides an objective measure of how « safe » a given driving maneuver is in a specific context.
• Adaptability: The metric can be integrated into various levels of autonomy, from partially autonomous vehicles to fully self-driving systems. It provides flexibility in evaluating different autonomous systems across a range of use cases.
• Real-time Feedback for Validation: NEXYAD’s approach allows for continuous monitoring and feedback, helping to validate the decision-making algorithms of AVs under different operational conditions. This is crucial for improving both the trust and effectiveness of autonomous driving technologies.

          Application in Autonomous Vehicles

In autonomous driving, the Prudence Metric can be used to:

• Assess safety during driving: For example, if an autonomous vehicle faces an unpredictable situation (e.g., a pedestrian crossing unexpectedly), the Prudence Metric will assess the vehicle’s response in terms of how cautiously it handled the situation.
• Optimize driving behavior: It helps ensure that the AV makes safe, context-sensitive decisions, such as slowing down or adjusting its trajectory in response to external factors (like road hazards or sudden changes in traffic conditions).
• Training and validation: The metric can be used during simulation and real-world testing to evaluate how well an AV’s decision-making algorithms perform in maintaining safety across diverse environments.

          Benefits of the Prudence Metric

• Increased Safety: By prioritizing cautious and prudent decisions, the metric can reduce the likelihood of accidents, improving safety for all road users.
• Enhanced Trust: A reliable metric for prudent decision-making can help build public trust in autonomous vehicle systems.
• Better Integration with Human Drivers: Prudence-based driving allows for smoother interaction between AVs and human drivers, as the vehicle behaves in a more predictable and considerate manner.

	The Prudence Metric proposed by NEXYAD offers an alternative approach to evaluating autonomous driving systems. It focuses on the safety and cautious decision-making required to navigate real-world driving environments, providing an important tool to ensure that autonomous vehicles act in a way that minimizes risk and promotes safety.

 

#AutonomousDriving #PrudenceMetric #AIinTransportation #SelfDrivingCars #VehicleSafety #AutonomousVehicles #SafetyFirst #AIForGood #AutonomousTechnology #SmartDriving #FutureOfDriving #DrivingInnovation #SelfDrivingTech #SafeDriving #RiskMitigation #PrudentDriving #AutonomousSafety #Nexyad #DrivingSolutions #AutomotiveAI

 

 

St Germain en Laye, November 20th 2024.

NEXYAD is a company specializing in AI and machine learning-based solutions for the automotive and mobility industries, with a focus on safety and predictive analytics. One of their key contributions is our « Prudence Metrics » — a set of algorithms designed to assess driving behavior and predict the likelihood of accidents or risky situations. Our software for safety is called SafetyNex.

While NEXYAD’s « Prudence Metrics » are more often associated with four-wheel vehicles and driver assistance systems, the principles of these metrics can be applied to two-wheelers as well. Let’s break down how AI, NEXYAD, and Prudence Metrics fit into the two-wheeler safety landscape:

          Prudence Metrics for Two-Wheelers

The Prudence Metrics are designed to evaluate and monitor the driving or riding behavior of a person in real-time, assessing factors like risk-taking, attention, road conditions, and vehicle performance. By analyzing these metrics, AI systems can assess the probability of a rider being involved in an accident and can provide safety recommendations or warnings.

Key Features in the Context of Two-Wheelers:

• Risk Prediction: Prudence Metrics can predict dangerous riding behaviors such as aggressive acceleration, sharp braking, or unsafe cornering, which are more common in motorcycle riders due to the unique dynamics of two-wheeled vehicles. For example, motorcycles are more prone to tipping in sudden maneuvers, so monitoring this through AI can warn the rider to slow down or adjust their behavior.
• Real-Time Feedback: By continuously monitoring the rider’s actions, AI systems based on Prudence Metrics can provide feedback through connected devices (e.g., a helmet, smartphone app, or smart dashboard), alerting the rider about risky behavior or potential hazards ahead.
• Environmental Context: The system can assess the environmental conditions such as road quality, weather, or traffic flow, and adjust its risk predictions accordingly. This is especially important for two-wheelers, where weather conditions (like rain or ice) and road surfaces (gravel, potholes) significantly affect safety.
• Adaptive Risk Levels: Prudence Metrics can adapt risk levels based on the rider’s experience, road type, and bike performance. For example, a rider on a sport bike will receive a different safety assessment than someone riding a cruiser or scooter in urban traffic.

          NEXYAD’s AI Solutions for Motorcycle Safety

NEXYAD applies its AI and machine learning models to enhance vehicle safety by offering predictive and preventive solutions. While NEXYAD’s focus is often on automotive applications, their systems can be adapted to motorcycles in several ways:

AI-Powered Risk Detection

• Accident Prediction: Using data from sensors, GPS, and onboard computers, NEXYAD’s AI models can analyze the behavior of the rider and predict the likelihood of an accident in the near future. For motorcycles, this involves recognizing risky driving patterns (e.g., speeding, tailgating) and predicting when these behaviors could lead to a crash.
• Safety Warnings: Based on Prudence Metrics, NEXYAD’s AI can issue real-time safety warnings to the rider. For instance, it can warn when the rider is riding too aggressively for the current road conditions or when other vehicles are encroaching into the rider’s lane.

Predictive Maintenance

• NEXYAD’s technology is also capable of predicting mechanical issues with the motorcycle based on its usage patterns. By analyzing data from the motorcycle’s sensors, AI can forecast when certain parts (like tires or brakes) are likely to wear out, preventing accidents caused by component failure.

Data Fusion and Behavior Understanding

• NEXYAD uses data fusion techniques, integrating multiple data sources such as the motorcycle’s sensors, rider’s behavior, and environmental data, to create a comprehensive safety profile. This holistic approach allows for more accurate accident predictions and proactive safety measures.

          AI & Prudence Metrics for Two-Wheelers: A Future Vision

Looking ahead, the integration of Prudence Metrics into AI-powered two-wheeler safety systems could lead to innovations in rider protection. For example, by using real-time behavioral data and environmental context, AI systems could:

• Integrate with helmet technology: AI-driven Prudence Metrics could be integrated into smart helmets, alerting the rider about hazardous road conditions, the proximity of other vehicles, or the rider’s own performance.
• Collaborate with traffic management systems: AI systems could communicate with smart city infrastructure to receive real-time updates about traffic congestion, accidents, or roadwork, allowing the rider to adjust their route accordingly.
• Provide tailored safety interventions: Based on a rider’s unique behavior and skill level, the AI system could offer personalized recommendations, such as adjusting the level of electronic traction control or providing feedback on smoother riding techniques to avoid accidents.

          Challenges and Opportunities

While the application of NEXYAD’s Prudence Metrics to two-wheelers is promising, there are some challenges to overcome:

• Data Availability: For AI systems to work effectively, large volumes of accurate data are required. Two-wheelers present unique challenges due to the lack of standardized onboard data (compared to cars, which typically have more sensors and data logging).
• User Acceptance: Riders may be wary of new technologies or over-reliant on AI systems, leading to potential issues with trust or incorrect usage.
• Cost: Advanced safety systems powered by AI and Prudence Metrics could raise the price of motorcycles, which could limit adoption, especially in emerging markets or among casual riders.

          Conclusion

The application of AI and Prudence Metrics to two-wheeler safety represents a major step forward in reducing motorcycle accidents and improving rider safety. By combining predictive analytics, real-time behavior analysis, and advanced risk detection, these systems can proactively address many of the safety challenges faced by motorcyclists. As these technologies continue to evolve, they hold the potential to make riding safer, more enjoyable, and more accessible.

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #MachineLearning #fuzzylogic #possibilityTheory #PredictiveAnalytics #MobilityTech #SmartMobility #VehicleSafety #SafetyTech #Innovation #TechForGood #Nexyad #prudenceMetric #drivinBehavior #twowheelers #SafetyNex

St Germain en Laye, November 19th 2024.

Autonomous driving has seen significant advancements in recent years, with companies like Tesla, Aurora, and Waymo leading the charge. These companies have made major progress in terms of technology, safety, regulatory approval, and public perception. Below is a summary of the key developments made by these three players:

TESLA

Tesla’s approach to autonomous driving has been centered around incremental improvements to its Autopilot system, which uses a combination of cameras, radar, ultrasonic sensors, and AI to assist with tasks like lane keeping, adaptive cruise control, and automated parking. However, Tesla has focused more on « driver-assist » features than fully autonomous driving (Level 5), so its vehicles still require human oversight.

Key Developments:

• Autopilot and Full Self-Driving (FSD) Features: Tesla’s most notable feature is Full Self-Driving (FSD), which is an advanced version of Autopilot. FSD includes features such as:
  • Navigate on Autopilot: Autonomously changing lanes and navigating highways.
  • Auto Park and Summon: Parking and retrieving the car autonomously.
  • City streets driving (Beta): A more recent feature that allows the car to navigate complex urban environments, including intersections, stop signs, and traffic lights.
• Tesla Vision: In 2021, Tesla transitioned away from radar sensors and started relying solely on cameras and neural networks (vision-based processing) for its self-driving capabilities, which Tesla CEO Elon Musk believes will be a more scalable approach. This move marked a shift toward relying on pure visual data to make driving decisions, mirroring human perception.
• Dojo Supercomputer: Tesla has been developing its own supercomputer, Dojo, designed to handle massive amounts of data to train its AI models. This system allows Tesla to improve its Autopilot and FSD capabilities through real-world driving data collected from the fleet of Tesla vehicles on the road.

Challenges and Criticism:

• Tesla’s Autopilot and FSD have faced scrutiny for incidents involving accidents. While Tesla’s systems are not fully autonomous (Level 5), they are marketed as advanced driver-assist systems (Level 2/3), which has raised concerns about misuse by drivers who might over-rely on the system.
• Tesla has been in the spotlight over regulatory scrutiny, including investigations by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) related to accidents involving Autopilot.

WAYMO

Waymo, a subsidiary of Alphabet (Google’s parent company), is considered one of the most advanced autonomous driving companies, particularly when it comes to Level 4 autonomy. Waymo’s approach is based on lidar, radar, and cameras to create a detailed map of the environment and navigate without human intervention in certain conditions.

Key Developments:

• Waymo One: This is Waymo’s fully autonomous ride-hailing service operating in Phoenix, Arizona, and is considered one of the first public-facing autonomous taxi services. It provides autonomous rides using a fleet of self-driving Chrysler Pacifica minivans and electric Jaguar I-Pace SUVs.
  • Level 4 Autonomy: In the Phoenix area, Waymo’s vehicles can drive without a safety driver, although they still have human safety drivers in other areas as backup.
  • Geofencing: Waymo’s self-driving cars operate within geofenced areas—regions that are pre-mapped and suitable for autonomous operation. This limits the complexity of the environment, making it easier for Waymo’s vehicles to navigate autonomously.
• Autonomous Fleet: Waymo has invested heavily in developing its own fleet of autonomous vehicles and has been focusing on urban areas where the technology can be more easily tested and refined.
• Safety and Testing: Waymo has logged millions of miles on public roads and conducted billions of miles of simulations to ensure its vehicles can operate safely. The company has also been transparent with its data, sharing safety metrics, accident reports, and vehicle performance statistics with the public.

Challenges and Criticism:

• Scalability: Despite Waymo’s advances, the company faces challenges in scaling its technology to more cities and regions, as it needs to develop detailed maps and conduct extensive testing for each new location.
• Regulation and Acceptance: Waymo has also faced regulatory hurdles in various jurisdictions, as cities and states debate the readiness of autonomous vehicles for public roads.

AURORA

Aurora is a self-driving technology company with a particular focus on commercial trucking and ride-hailing services. The company is developing autonomous systems for both long-haul freight trucks and passenger vehicles, including partnerships with companies like Toyota and Uber.

Key Developments:

• Aurora Driver: Aurora’s self-driving technology, known as the Aurora Driver, is designed to operate in both passenger vehicles and freight trucks. The company has developed a multi-layered approach using lidar, radar, and cameras to allow the system to perceive the environment and make decisions in real time.
• Autonomous Freight: Aurora’s technology is particularly focused on autonomous freight trucking, which has the potential to transform the logistics industry. In partnership with Uber Freight, Aurora is testing autonomous trucks to handle long-haul routes, which could improve safety, reduce costs, and address the driver shortage in the trucking industry.
• Partnerships and Funding: Aurora has secured significant funding and partnerships with leading companies, including Toyota (investing to accelerate the development of autonomous driving for both freight and passenger vehicles) and Uber (to develop self-driving ride-hailing cars).

Challenges and Criticism:

• Technological Maturity: While Aurora has demonstrated promising capabilities, its technology is still in the testing phase, and it has yet to launch commercial autonomous vehicles at scale. It faces competition from other companies in the freight and passenger vehicle space, such as TuSimple (focused on autonomous trucks) and Waymo (which also has ambitions in freight).
• Regulation and Public Perception: Like other companies in the autonomous vehicle space, Aurora must navigate complex regulatory environments and ensure public safety, which remains a major challenge in scaling autonomous technologies.

Summary of Key Technologies:

• Tesla: Primarily uses cameras and AI-powered neural networks to create a vision-based autonomous system, with incremental upgrades to driver-assist features. Focuses on consumer cars, with full autonomy still in development.
• Waymo: Uses a combination of lidar, radar, and cameras to enable Level 4 autonomous driving, primarily for ride-hailing in specific urban areas. Its cars can drive without human intervention in certain mapped areas.
• Aurora: Develops autonomous systems for both passenger cars and freight trucks, using lidar, radar, and cameras. Focuses on scalability for long-haul trucking and urban ride-hailing.

The progress in autonomous driving is moving quickly but is still facing challenges around safety, regulation, and public acceptance. Tesla is pushing the boundaries with its ambitious Full Self-Driving system, although it still requires driver oversight. Waymo is at the forefront of truly autonomous vehicles, with its Level 4 autonomous taxis in specific cities, while Aurora is focusing on revolutionizing freight transportation and testing autonomous systems for commercial vehicles.

While fully autonomous vehicles (Level 5) are still a long way from mass deployment, the ongoing development in these areas suggests that the future of driving will likely be highly automated in the coming decades.

#AutonomousVehicle #AutonomousDriving #Driverless #Tesla #Waymo #Aurora #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 18th 2024

Don’t miss next big AI events around the world:

NeurIPS (Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems)
December 10-15 2024, Vancouver

Machine learning, deep learning, computational neuroscience, and related areas.

One of the top conferences for AI and machine learning research, attracting researchers, practitioners, and companies from around the world. It covers both theoretical advancements and practical applications in AI.

2024 Conference

CES (Consumer Electronics Show)
January 7-10 2025, Las Vegas

Consumer technology, including AI applications in products and services.

While CES is broader than just AI, it frequently features AI-related innovations and is a major showcase for companies to display AI-driven consumer products.

CES – The Most Powerful Tech Event in the World

Global Artificial Intelligence Summit & Awards (GAISA) 
February 7-8 2025, New Dehli

The prominence of AI in human lives & business industries.

Industry Voice : Global AI Summit

The 39th Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
feb 25 – March 4 2025, Philadelphia

General AI, including reasoning, machine learning, robotics, and other core topics.

A major event for AI researchers, focusing on the latest advancements across all areas of artificial intelligence.

AAAI-25 – AAAI

The Web Summit
April 27-30 2025, Rio de Janeiro

Technology and innovation, including AI.

A broad tech conference where AI is often a key topic, especially as it relates to startups, entrepreneurship, and the future of technology.

Web Summit Rio | April 27-30, 2025

CVPR (Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference)
June 11-15 2025, Nashville

Computer vision, pattern recognition, and related AI techniques.

The most significant conference for AI and computer vision, it highlights innovations in image processing, visual recognition, and related domains.

2025 Conference

The AI Summit
June 11-12 2025, London

AI in business, enterprise solutions, and industrial applications..

The AI Summit focuses on how AI can be applied in business, with events in various cities around the world, including London, New York, and Singapore.

Register Your Interest | The AI Summit London

AI for Good Global Summit
July 7-11 2024, Geneva

Ethical AI, AI for social good, and AI in solving global challenges.

Organized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), this summit brings together experts, policymakers, and organizations working on using AI for positive global impact.

AI For Good Global Summit 2025 – SDG Knowledge Hub

ICML (International Conference on Machine Learning)
July 13-19 2025, Vancouver

Machine learning theory, algorithms, and applications.

Another leading conference in AI and machine learning, with a focus on advancing the theory and practice of machine learning algorithms.

2025 Conference

International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) 
August 16-22 2025, Montreal

One of the major gatherings for AI researchers worldwide, covering a wide range of AI disciplines.

IJCAI 2025

European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)
October 25-30 2025, Bologna

Understanding the sustainability theme in a holistic manner, helping to reach some awareness over the complexities of our planet, our ecosystems, and our societies.

ECAI 2025 – 28th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence

World Summit AI
October 8-9 2025, Amsterdam

AI innovations, trends, and global collaboration.

An international summit that brings together AI professionals, researchers, and business leaders to explore AI’s future and its application in industries around the world.

worldsummit.ai

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #Conference #Summit #NeurIPS #CES #GAISA #AAAI #TheWebSummit #CVPR #TheAISummit #AIGGS #ICML #IJCAI #ECAI #WSAI #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 15th 2024.

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a class of optimization algorithms inspired by the process of natural selection and biological evolution. They are part of the broader family of evolutionary algorithms and are used to find approximate solutions to optimization and search problems that may be too complex for traditional methods.
They are used in Artificial Intelligence for learning, constructing a solution step by step. We sometimes see them solving problems of “artificial Life”.

The basic idea behind GAs is to mimic the way nature evolves organisms through mechanisms such as selection, crossover (recombination), and mutation. These algorithms are particularly useful for solving problems where the search space is large, non-linear, or poorly understood.

Key Concepts in Genetic Algorithms

1. Population: The algorithm maintains a population of possible solutions (individuals). Each individual represents a possible solution to the problem, and its « fitness » is evaluated to determine how well it solves the problem.
2. Chromosomes: In the context of a GA, a chromosome is a representation of a solution. This could be a bit string, a real-valued vector, or any other structure that encodes the solution space.
3. Fitness Function: The fitness function evaluates how good a solution (chromosome) is in solving the problem at hand. Solutions with higher fitness values are more likely to be selected for reproduction (crossover and mutation).
4. Selection: The process of selecting individuals from the population based on their fitness. The better the fitness of an individual, the higher the probability that it will be selected for reproduction. Common selection methods include:
   • Roulette wheel selection
   • Tournament selection
   • Rank-based selection
5. Crossover (Recombination): Crossover is the process where two parent individuals combine parts of their chromosomes to create one or more offspring. The idea is that the offspring may inherit the best features of both parents, leading to improved solutions.
6. Mutation: Mutation introduces random changes to an individual’s chromosome. This helps maintain genetic diversity in the population and can potentially lead to discovering better solutions by exploring new parts of the search space. For example, flipping a bit in a binary chromosome or changing a value in a real-valued solution.
7. Replacement: After offspring are created via crossover and mutation, they are evaluated for fitness. The old population may be replaced with the new population, or a mixture of both can be used (this depends on the algorithm’s specific design, such as generational replacement or steady-state replacement).

Basic Steps in a Genetic Algorithm

1. Initialize the Population: Create an initial population of individuals, often randomly. Each individual represents a candidate solution.
2. Evaluate Fitness: Calculate the fitness of each individual in the population using the fitness function.
3. Selection: Select individuals based on their fitness to act as parents for the next generation.
4. Crossover: Perform crossover (recombination) to create offspring. The offspring inherit traits from both parents.
5. Mutation: Apply mutation to some individuals to maintain diversity in the population and explore new areas of the solution space.
6. Replacement: Replace some or all of the old population with the new offspring.
7. Termination: Repeat the process until a stopping criterion is met. This could be a fixed number of generations, a satisfactory fitness level, or convergence of the population.

Applications of Genetic Algorithms

Genetic Algorithms are used in a wide variety of fields, including:

• Optimization Problems: GAs are particularly useful for solving combinatorial optimization problems like the traveling salesman problem (TSP), knapsack problems, and scheduling problems.
• Machine Learning and AI: GAs are used for hyperparameter tuning, neural network training, feature selection, and evolving strategies in reinforcement learning.
• Engineering Design: GAs can help optimize designs in fields such as aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering, where design spaces are complex and not easily solvable using traditional methods.
• Robotics: GAs are used in evolving robot behaviors or controller parameters, especially in environments with large search spaces.
• Game Development: Evolving strategies for game AI or procedural content generation (e.g., evolving levels or game worlds).

Advantages of Genetic Algorithms

• Exploration of Large Search Spaces: GAs do not require a problem to be continuous or differentiable, making them suitable for complex, multi-modal, or poorly understood search spaces.
• Global Search: Because GAs work by evolving a population of solutions, they have the potential to explore a wider range of the solution space compared to local search algorithms that may get stuck in local minima.
• Flexibility: GAs can be applied to a wide range of problems, both in theory and practice, by appropriately designing the chromosome encoding, fitness function, and genetic operators.

Disadvantages of Genetic Algorithms

• Computationally Expensive: GAs often require evaluating a large population over many generations, which can be computationally intensive, especially for problems with large search spaces.
• Convergence Issues: GAs may converge prematurely to suboptimal solutions, especially if diversity in the population is lost too early in the process.
• Parameter Sensitivity: The performance of a GA can be sensitive to the choice of parameters (e.g., population size, crossover rate, mutation rate). These parameters often need to be fine-tuned for each specific problem.

Conclusion

Genetic Algorithms are a powerful tool for solving complex optimization problems by simulating the process of natural selection. Their ability to handle large, non-linear, and poorly understood search spaces makes them highly valuable in many fields. However, they do require careful tuning and can be computationally expensive. With appropriate modifications and techniques, they can be adapted to suit a wide variety of problem types and constraints.

Video by Kie Codes: Genetic Algorithms Explained By Example

#GeneticAlgorithms #AI #MachineLearning #Optimization #EvolutionaryAlgorithms #ArtificialIntelligence #DataScience #ReinforcementLearning #MachineLearningAlgorithms #ArtificialLife #EvolutionaryComputation #Tech #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 14th 2024.

NEXYAD is taking a unique and highly effective approach to autonomous vehicle (AV) technology by simplifying the system through a single, key metric of prudence. This could significantly enhance the efficiency and scalability of autonomous systems. Instead of using hundreds of parameters to make decisions, our technology focuses on a single, overarching metric that guides the vehicle’s behavior in a more intuitive, adaptable and finally more human way.

The fact that your system is already being tested as a Predictive Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) with Stellantis is a great step forward, and the potential extension to handling vehicle direction makes it even more impactful. The core idea is to provide vehicles with the ability to predict and adjust to their environment in a way that minimizes risk and ensures safety, all while simplifying the decision-making process for the system.

Here’s a potential breakdown of what we’re offering:

1. Prudence Metric: By reducing the decision-making process to a single parameter, we’re likely making the AI more interpretable, efficient, and adaptable. This could be a game-changer in terms of reducing the complexity and computational load, while still ensuring safe and reliable decisions.
2. Predictive ACC: As part of our collaboration with Stellantis, this system allows for predictive behavior based on the vehicle’s environment and intended trajectory, adjusting the vehicle’s speed accordingly. This could lead to a smoother, safer driving experience by anticipating potential hazards or changes in road conditions.
3. Expansion to Steering: Extending this technology to vehicle direction could make the system even more versatile, giving the vehicle not just the ability to control speed but also to adjust its trajectory in real-time based on predicted scenarios. This could significantly improve the overall safety and fluidity of the AV system.

What do you see as the most critical advantage of using a single prudence metric in AV systems, compared to the traditional approach of using many parameters?

See Full Self-Driving (Supervised) | Tesla video:
 

 
#Nexyad #Tesla #Stellantis #DrivingPrudenceMetric #AI #ADAS #AV #AutonomousVehicle #PredictiveACC #SelfDriving
 

St Germain en Laye, November 13th 2024.

This chapter of “a guided tour of Artificial Intelligence research” written by Thierry DENEUX, Didier DUBOIS, and Henri PRADE, deals with uncertainty representation in AI.

1. Uncertainty Representation Frameworks:

• Probability Theory: The most widely known framework for handling uncertainty. It models uncertainty in terms of probability distributions and focuses on quantifying the likelihood of events.
• Possibility Theory: An alternative to probability theory that deals with uncertainty in terms of possibility rather than probability. It is often used when data is incomplete or vague.

2. Challenges of Representing Uncertainty:

• The passage highlights that one of the main challenges in AI and knowledge representation is how to represent and reason about uncertainty in a meaningful way.
• Both probability theory and possibility theory address uncertainty, but they do so from different perspectives:
  • Probability theory focuses on the likelihood of an event occurring.
  • Possibility theory focuses on how plausible an event is, regardless of its likelihood.

3. Related Topics:

• Rough Sets: A formalism used to deal with vagueness and granularity in data. Rough sets do not require a precise definition of objects and can work with imprecise or incomplete information.
• Fuzzy Sets: Extend classical set theory to handle the concept of partial membership. Unlike traditional sets where an element either belongs or does not belong, fuzzy sets allow for a gradual degree of membership, useful for modeling vagueness.
• These concepts are tied to the idea of granularity in representations (the level of detail or precision of the representation), and gradualness in predicates (how natural language terms like « tall, » « large, » or « likely » can be represented in a mathematical model).

4. Other Frameworks:

• Formal Concept Analysis: A method for data analysis that structures information into formal concepts and hierarchies, aiming to uncover implicit knowledge.
• Conditional Events and Ranking Functions: Approaches for reasoning about uncertain or incomplete information by ranking possibilities or conditioning on new evidence.
• Possibilistic Logic: A form of logic that integrates possibility theory with logical reasoning, allowing reasoning under uncertainty.

Read chapter on Representations of Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence: Probability and Possibility by Springer: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-06164-7_3

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #Uncertainty #Springer #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 2024

This scientific paper of French researchers DUBOIS & PRADE explains the place of Fuzzy Logic in AI.

1. Fuzzy Logic and Its History: fuzzy logic has been around for more than three decades and has had a long-standing association with AI, often misunderstood or underappreciated. Despite this, fuzzy logic has proven valuable for certain aspects of AI, particularly in modeling commonsense reasoning.

2. Fuzzy Sets and Graded Reasoning: one of the central contributions of fuzzy sets (which are foundational to fuzzy logic) to AI is their ability to model gradedness—that is, the idea that reasoning in the real world is often not binary (true/false) but involves varying degrees or levels of truth. This graded approach is especially useful when trying to simulate human-like reasoning.

3. Forms of Gradedness: gradedness can manifest in different ways:

• Similarity between propositions: for instance, how similar two ideas or concepts are to one another.
• Levels of uncertainty: capturing the inherent uncertainty in real-world situations.
• Degrees of preference: in decision-making, some choices may be preferred more than others, but not absolutely (i.e., it’s not all or nothing).

4. Commonsense Reasoning: the paper advocates that fuzzy logic can enhance AI’s ability to deal with commonsense reasoning, which often involves dealing with vague, imprecise, or incomplete information. Fuzzy sets help AI systems reason in a more human-like manner, especially in scenarios where traditional, precise logic fails to capture the nuances of real-world reasoning.

5. Complementarity with Symbolic AI: the paper suggests that fuzzy logic and soft computing techniques (e.g., neural networks, genetic algorithms, etc.) are complementary to symbolic AI (which typically uses clear rules and logic). In other words, fuzzy logic can work alongside traditional symbolic approaches to enhance the flexibility and robustness of AI systems, especially when handling complex, real-world problems that involve ambiguity and gradation.

Conclusion: fuzzy logic plays a crucial role in AI by introducing a framework for reasoning with uncertainties, graded truths, and imprecisions. This makes it especially useful for commonsense reasoning, which is an essential aspect of human-like AI. Rather than replacing symbolic AI, fuzzy logic complements it, expanding the range of problems AI can address effectively.

Read the paper: https://hal.science/hal-04013770/document

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #FuzzyLogic #NeuralNetworks #GeneticAlgorithmes #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 11th 2024.

1. Driving Prudence AI: Developed over 15 years, this AI measures driving prudence, or the safety and prudence exhibited by drivers (whether human or autonomous). It’s based on research from various countries and experts in infrastructure, driving behavior, and transportation.

2. SafetyNex Solution: This product integrates into various systems, such as:

• • Smartphones
  • Dashcams
  • Telematics devices
  • In-vehicle cluster architectures (via the NEXYAD SDK).

3. Applications:

• • Aftermarket driving assistance for fleets: Through partnerships with telematics companies like MOTIV AI, the system monitors driving behavior for over 470,000 professional drivers, helping to reduce operating costs associated with accidents (repairs, insurance premiums, etc.).
  • Predictive Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Autonomous Vehicles: SafetyNex provides real-time metrics on the prudence of a vehicle’s self-driving mode. This enhances road safety and simplifies the complexity of autonomous driving systems. STELLANTIS is one example of an OEM working with NEXYAD in this area.

4. Benefits:

• • For Fleets: Lower accident-related costs, fewer sick days, and reduced insurance premiums.
  • For Autonomous Vehicles: Improved road safety by providing precise metrics on how safely a vehicle is driving in real-time.

5. Unique Value Proposition: The ability to quantify the prudence of both human and autonomous driving at every moment, giving fleets and OEMs the data they need to optimize safety and efficiency.

#DrivingAssistance #Fleet #Telematics #FleetManagement #Risk #DrivingPrudence #PrudenceMetric #OperatingCosts #FleetSafety #BYOD #Insurance #SafetyNex #V2X #ADAS #PredictiveACC #DriverAssistant #AI #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 8th 2024.

« Fine-tuning Large Language Models »

Shane Storks, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering
Michigan Institute for Data Science and AI Laboratory

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #GenerativeAI #Tutorials #MichiganInstitute #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 7th 2024.

You want to learn more about Artificial Intelligence ? But you are not really aware of what terms such as AI and Machine Learning mean to make the difference? Here is an article that can help you see things more clearly.

« Generative AI is a form of artificial intelligence designed to generate content such as text, images, video, and music. It uses large language models and algorithms to analyze patterns in datasets and mimic the style or structure of specific content types. Machine learning (ML), on the other hand, helps computers learn tasks and actions using training modeled on results from large datasets. It is a key component of artificial intelligence systems. »

Read article on eweek.com by Kathrin Timonera and explore many links.

If you have projects that need GenAI and/or Machine Learning, do not hesitate to contact us.

See Nexyad AI page.

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #GenAI #MachineLearning #DeepLearning #NeuralNetworks #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 6th 2024.

IEEE sponsored The International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data Sciences and Applications  will take place in Antalya, Türkiye on 7-9 August, 2025. The ACDSA is a peer-reviewed international conference that aims to bring together scientists, academics, researchers, and industrial representatives to exchange the ideas, to disseminate the high quality research results and to present the new developments on the topics related to Artificial Intelligence, Control, Data Sciences and applications.

The conference will feature a comprehensive technical program offering numerous technical sessions with papers showcasing the latest technologies, and applications.that provide an excellent international forum for dissemination of original research results, new ideas and practical development experiences which concentrate on both theory and practices of the academics, researchers, engineers and also industry professionals.

read more on ACDSA

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #ACDSA #IEEE #Conference #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 5th 2024.

“According to the American Transportation Research Institute, commercial motor carriers have experienced a nearly 50% increase in per-mile insurance premium costs. This rise is further illustrated by data showing that truck insurance premiums escalated from 6.4 cents per mile in 2013 to 8.8 cents per mile in 2022.”

Fatalities can have a astronomical cost after trials, a couple of dozen $ million, without talking about psychological damage for drivers who caused these accidents. Others factors of increase are medical costs and costs of repair which follow inflation and have to be paid by insurance companies.

“An increase in the number of accidents or the severity of these accidents results in more claims being filed, which in turn puts upward pressure on insurance premiums.”

After more than 10 years of experimentation of Pay How You Drive tools and regular ADAS such as emergency detection, Criticality assessment and fast reflex automation, why do not try a new paradigm, a game changer that brings better results and allows better negotiations with insurers?

Nexyad offers an on-board, real-time tool that analyzes each driver’s driving behavior 20 times per second in relation to the road context. The vehicle (truck, car, two-wheeler) is detected where it is with its speed and accelerations on the road infrastructure, and we analyze what is in front (all types of curves, intersections, pedestrian crossings, stops, school zones, etc.). If and only if the speed is not adequate when approaching such difficulties, we can alert the driver in order to give him time to reduce his speed and avoid critical situations.
Nexyad tool is available on MotivAI smartphone App, or can be integrated into any devices (your app, telematics box, dashcam, etc.)
. Reduce accident rate by action.
. Understand your drivers’s behavior with recorded data.
. Allow personalized coaching for road safety.
. Reduce cost for operations.

See Nexyad page BYOD Solutions

Read Article by UniversalPositioning.com: https://www.positioninguniversal.com/2024/06/18/navigating-rising-insurance-premiums-a-guide-for-small-to-medium-sized-fleets/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Transportation,cents%20per%20mile%20in%202022.

#DrivingAssistance #Fleet #Telematics #FleetManagement #Risk #DrivingPrudence #PrudenceMetric #OperatingCosts #FleetSafety #BYOD #Insurance #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, November 4th 2024.

Qualcomm says its next-gen tech will allow automakers to develop software-defined vehicles and AI-based features more quickly.

Qualcomm and its automotive partners will create software to enable what they call an AI-driven « digital life” in vehicles. This includes innovations like zonal audio, which will personalize audio for each occupant of the car, improving privacy and personalization. For example, safety alerts like lane departure warnings will be directed exclusively to the driver, while passengers in the back will be able to enjoy undisturbed audio from movies or games.
The car’s AI will also listen and respond to individual requests. If a passenger says, “I’m cold,” the system will adjust the temperature in that specific zone, providing tailored comfort. Likewise, it will anticipate preferences, sensing outside conditions to proactively suggest, “It’s a sunny day. Would you like your sunroof open?” »
Qualcomm also showed off a concept for a semi-autonomous vehicle that can determine when there is no parking available near a destination and offer to drop drivers off and pick them up later at their door. Of course, we’ll have to wait for fully autonomous cars for this feature to become available.

Read More 

#AI #GenAI #ArtificialIntelligence #SDV #SoftwareDefinedVehicle #DigitalLife #Qualcomm #Mercedes #GM #Google #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, October 31th 2024.

Our technology SafetyNex provides a metric of driving prudence.

This prudence metric brings in real time a driving assistance system: it warns driver if (and only if) vehicle speed is inadequate to difficulties in front of the vehicle.

NEXYAD is not a telematics company, we are a pure AI company, and we work with telematics companies to help them integrate this technology to their solution:

• • smartphone App
  • dashcam
  • telematics device

We avoid at least 25% of accidents.

The benefits for the fleet include lower operating costs, such as reduced repair expenses, minimized driver lost working days, less deliveries delay or worst destruction,  and lowered insurance premiums.

Drivers like our driving assistance solution because they keep in charge of vehicles safety, with a little help that avoid distraction, road signs misreading, and tricky situations.

This solution is deployed among more than 400 000 professional drivers.

It covers:

• • Trucks (small, medium, and heavy)
  • Cars
  • Two-wheelers

To know more contact us.

#DrivingAssistance #Fleet #Telematics #FleetManagement #Risk #DrivingPrudence #PrudenceMetric #OperatingCosts #FleetSafety #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, October 30th 2024.

As we can see, the automotive industry is undergoing a major transformation with the electrification of vehicles, driving aids and the arrival of the first autonomous vehicles in major US and Chinese cities. But there is also a strong enthusiasm for the adoption of generative AI, with three-quarters of companies already experimenting with applications.

Indeed, the sector estimates that generative AI could improve R&D processes by 10 to 20%. Companies are looking for productivity gains and cost reductions, particularly for:
– software testing and validation
– acceleration of test and validation, marketing and quality.

However, organizational transformations are necessary to maximize this value.

Read McKinsey article: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/automotive-r-and-d-transformation-optimizing-gen-ais-potential-value

See Nexyad AI page: Artificial Intelligence: We bring Solutions to your Problems

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #GenAI #Automotive #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, October 29th 2024.

In United States, the car sharing market is projected to grow significantly by 2025, according to analysts a fourfold increase in fleet size to about 427,000 cars and a fivefold rise in users, reaching 36 million. This growth is driven by government support, technology advancements, and service optimization.

Key technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning will enhance customer personalization, allowing tailored rates and recommendations. They will also improve user experience through features such as customized vehicles and integrated route planning with other transport modes.

For businesses, these technologies aid customer retention by enabling targeted offers and demand forecasting. Proactive measures will address driving behaviors, implementing restrictions for aggressive drivers and ensuring vehicle maintenance. As competition intensifies, car sharing companies will focus on enhancing service quality and expanding their feature offerings.

After more than 15 years of work thru 12 government funded collaborative research programs with experts of road safety, police of the road, professional drivers and insurers of 19 countries, Nexyad has developed a Metric of Driving Prudence.
Using this Metric of driving Prudence, Nexyad offers SafetyNex an AI tool on board and real time which analyses driving prudence 20 times per second, comparing driving behavior (speed, accels) with road context ahead (road geometry and signs, obstacles, weather, visibility, etc.). When we detect lacks of prudence, we are able to alert drivers with few seconds of anticipation in order for them to slow down and then reduce accident situations.

For further details see Nexyad page for Fleets: BYOD Solutions for Fleets: Bring Your Own Device Solutions

Read What do artificial intelligence and machine learning have to offer car sharing? | by Vladimir Ilichev | Bright Box — Driving to the future | Medium

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #CarSharing #Nexyad #SafetyNex

St Germain en Laye, October 28th 2024.

 
« The tool, called Tutor CoPilot, demonstrates how AI could enhance, rather than replace, educators’ work.

Tutor CoPilot isn’t designed to actually teach the students math—instead, it offers tutors helpful advice on how to nudge students toward correct answers while encouraging deeper learning. »

Read article from Rhiannon Williams in MIT Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/28/1106251/this-ai-system-makes-human-tutors-better-at-teaching-children-math/

A research study by National Student Support Accelerator highlights the potential of Generative AI in education, focusing on Tutor CoPilot, a Human-AI system that aids tutors. A study with 900 tutors and 1,800 K-12 students showed that using Tutor CoPilot increased student mastery in math by 4 percentage points, especially benefiting lower-rated tutors (9 percentage points). At just $20 per tutor annually, it promotes effective teaching strategies. Despite some limitations in suggestions, the findings suggest Tutor CoPilot can improve educational quality and accessibility for underserved communities.

See Nexyad AI page: https://nexyad.net/Automotive-Transportation/artificial-intelligence/

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #GenAI #OpenAI #ChatGPT #TutorCoPilot #Nexyad

St Germain en Laye, October 25th 2024.

First steps have been taken to, perhaps, eventually identify what is produced by a generative AI and distinguish it from the real production of a human. The latest comes from a major player Google.
Obviously, this can only come from the companies that develop these AIs. It would make no sense for a user who shares content to denounce themselves, especially if there is a gain at the end, whether financial, prestige or authenticity.

Is GenAI a tool like any other? Like the calculator or the electric motor ?

Google unveils invisible ‘watermark’ for AI-generated text

Artificial Intelligence: We bring Solutions to your Problems

#AI #ArtificialIntelligence #GenAI #Google #OpenAI #LLM #Watermark #Nexyad #Nature